p38α (MAPK14) critically regulates the immunological response and the production of specific cytokines and chemokines in astrocytes.

In CNS lesions, "reactive astrocytes" form a prominent cellular response. However, the nature of this astrocyte immune activity is not well understood. In order to study astrocytic immune responses to inflammation and injury, we generated mice with conditional deletion of p38α (MAPK14) in GFAP+ astrocytes. We studied the role of p38α signaling in astrocyte immune activation both in vitro and in vivo, and simultaneously examined the effects of astrocyte activation in CNS inflammation. Our results showed that specific subsets of cytokines (TNFα, IL-6) and chemokines (CCL2, CCL4, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL10) are critically regulated by p38α signaling in astrocytes. In an in vivo CNS inflammation model of intracerebral injection of LPS, we observed markedly attenuated astrogliosis in conditional GFAPcre p38α(-/-) mice. However, GFAPcre p38α(-/-) mice showed marked upregulation of CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CXCL2, CXCL10, TNFα, and IL-1β compared to p38αfl/fl cohorts, suggesting that in vivo responses to LPS after GFAPcre p38α deletion are complex and involve interactions between multiple cell types. This finding was supported by a prominent increase in macrophage/microglia and neutrophil recruitment in GFAPcre p38α(-/-) mice compared to p38αfl/fl controls. Together, these studies provide important insights into the critical role of p38α signaling in astrocyte immune activation

A Study on Euclidean Space and Affine Space

In this thesis, a Euclidean space is a finite-dimensional real vector space with an inner product.But when we analysed deeply, they are quite different as discussed in this paper. The objects of study in advanced calculus are differentiable functions of several variables.This approach also has the advantage of easily allowing the generalization of geometry to Euclidean space of more than three dimensions

Greenhouse evaluation of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin against Aphis craccivora (Das) on Fenugreek

The bioassay studies were carried out to determine the LC50 and LT50 of Beauveria bassiana against Aphis craccivora on fenugreek under greenhouse conditions. The results revealed that, the cumulative corrected mortality (CCM) was 43.50% at higher concentration (1×1010 spores/ml) and it was 20.85% at lowest concentration (1×104 spores/ml) at one day after treatment (DAT). The CCM decreased with decreasing conidial spore concentration. Likewise, at 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 DAT, almost same trend was observed. At 7 DAT, the CCM was 85.04% and 55.21% at 1×1010 spores/ml and 1×104 spores/ml, respectively. The LC50 value of B. bassiana against A. craccivora was 1.2×108 spores/ml. Mean lethal time (LT50) values were worked out 73, 89, 97, 112, 126, 138 and 157 hours for 1010, 109, 108, 107, 106, 105 and 104 spores/ml, respectively. By testing the field efficacy of B. bassiana against A. craccivora, this insect pathogenic fungus can be used as potential biocontrol agent for the sustainable management of aphid in fenugreek crop

Differential sandwich theorems for certain subclasses of analytic functions

In this paper, we generalize the well known differential operator by using a generalized hypergeometric function. By applying this operator, we introduce a new class of non-Bazilević functions and derive subordination and superordination results for the class in the unit disk. Relevant connections of the results presented in this paper are also pointed out with various other known results

Finite Files and Irreducible Polynomials

In this thesis we related the notion on constructions of irreducible polynomials over finite fields. A polynomial with integer coefficients or more generally, with coefficients in a unique factorization domain is sometimes said to be irreducible if it is an irreducible element of the polynomial ring. That is, not invertible, not zero and cannot be factored into the product of two non-invertible polynomials with coefficients. The estimates for the preprocessing time depend on unproven conjectures

CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T Cell Ontogeny and Preferential Migration to the Cecal Tonsils in Chickens

Thymic CD4+CD25+ cells have regulatory-T-cell-like properties in chickens. This study examined the ontogeny of CD4+CD25+ cells in the thymus and in peripheral compartments in chickens. CD4+CD25+ cells started to appear in the thymus at day 15 of incubation (E15), although at low percentages. Expressed as a percentage of CD4+ cells, CD4+CD25+ cells increased (P<0.01) from 1.7% at E20 to 7.3% at 0 d post-hatch (D0). CD4+CD25+ cells did not appear in the spleen or cecal tonsils of embryos. Expressed as a percentage of CD4+ cells, CD4+CD25+ cells increased (P<0.01) from 0% at D0 to 27% at D1 in cecal tonsils and from 0% at D0 to 11% at D1 in the spleen. Expressed as a percentage of all mononuclear cells, cecal tonsils at D1 had approximately 3.5-fold higher percentage of CD4+CD25+ cells than the spleen at D1. CD4+CD25+ cells from cecal tonsils of chicks at D1 were suppressive. CD4+CD25+ cells from D0 thymus, when injected back into MHC-compatible chicks, migrated to cecal tonsils and lungs and were detected until 10 d post-injection. CD4+CD25+ cells from cecal tonsils had a higher (P = 0.01) relative amount of CCR9 mRNA than CD4+CD25+ cells from the thymus. It could be concluded that in chickens CD4+CD25+ cells migrate from the thymus immediately post-hatch and preferentially colonize the gut associated lymphoid tissues. CD4+CD25+ cells' preferential migration to cecal tonsils is likely directed through the CCR9 pathway in chickens

Application of Nutritional Immunology in the Mitigation of Economic and Production losses in the Poultry Industry Associated with Food-borne Pathogens, Coccidiosis, and Necrotic Enteritis.

Sub-therapeutic doses of antibiotics were used in poultry production since the 1950s for improved production, prophylaxis, and animal welfare. Extensive and indiscriminatory use of antibiotics led to the emergence of antibiotic resistance in food-borne pathogens of public health significance (Jones & Ricke, 2003). As per the United States Centre for Disease Control, more than 2.8 million infections in 2019 were caused by multidrug resistant bacteria. Due to public health concerns, the use of antibiotic growth promoters in livestock production was prohibited by Sweden and Denmark in 1986 and 1998 respectively (Hammerum et al., 2007). The European Union banned the use of antibiotics except for coccidiostats and histomonostats in livestock production effective from January 1, 2006 (Anadón et al., 2018). In 2013, the United States Food and Drug Administration recommended voluntary regulation on the use of medically important antibiotics in food animal production (Sneeringer et al., 2015). Regulations on the use of in-feed antibiotic growth promoters led to the reemergence of poultry pathogens that were otherwise manageable. An increase in the consumer preference for organically raised and antibiotic-free poultry products has necessitated the need to find an alternative to antibiotics in commercial poultry production. Several potential alternatives are currently available in the market such as probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, phytobiotics, engineered peptides, enzymes, organic acids, egg yolk immunoglobulins, bacteriophages, vaccination, and nutraceuticals (Low et al., 2021). This review aims at introducing the recent progress in the field of nutritional immunology in the prevention and control of enteric diseases of poultry with special emphasis on food-borne pathogens, coccidiosis, and necrotic enteritis

BEHAVIORAL STUDIES OF WISTAR RATS IN ROTENONE INDUCED MODEL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE

Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the behavioral activities of Wistar rats induced with rotenone. Methods: Thirty-six male Wistar rats were taken for the study and divided into six groups of six rats each. Group-I is the vehicle-treated, Group–II animals were induced with rotenone (3 mg/kg/bwt) by i. p. Group-III were co-treated with rotenone and L-DOPA (10 mg/kg/bwt) orally, Group-IV were co-treated with rotenone and quercetin (25 mg/kg/bwt) orally, Group-V were co-treated with rotenone and hesperidin (50 mg/kg/bwt) orally, Group-VI were treated with rotenone, quercetin and hesperidin in the same dosage regime for 60 d. The behavioural tests, such as open field test, ladder climbing test and hanging wire test were performed. The biochemical parameters such as urea, creatinine and activities of ALT and AST were also analysed.Results: All data are expressed as the mean±SD. Disability was noted in the behaviour of rats induced with Parkinson's disease (PD). The deficits in behavioral activity were significantly changed when compared with an induced group (p&lt;0.001) and biochemical parameters due to rotenone were significantly (p&lt;0.001) restored by co-treatment with quercetin and hesperidin.Conclusion: In our in vivo study, we have demonstrated the combination of quercetin and hesperidin to serve as neuroprotective compounds by improving the behavioral abnormalities and restoring the biochemical parameters. Hence, these powerful antioxidants may protect brain cells